3. Hosteller
contents
preface
1. the sea in the mind
1.
2.
II. between father and a friend
1. a poem
2. ?
III. mustache
1. four years in the sanatorium
2. two persons
IV. hosteller
1.
2.
V. toward Russia
1.two cities
2.on the Irkusk-bound train
VI. interview
1.ebook
2.personal story
postscript.
Preface
I.
1. two tempters
a sea image
a word of Bohemians
2. between father and friend
Masan 3.15 political movement
an outsider
3. four years in a sanatorium
II,
4. hosteller
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
5. interview
postscript//
a person who does not belong to or is not accepted as part of a particular group or organization
: a person or animal that is not expected to win a race or competition
1. 3.15부정선거의 개요
3월 15일 선거에서 대통령 이승만은 12년간 지속된 장기집권체제를 연장하고, 승계권을 가진 부통령에 이기붕을 당선시키기 위하여 대규모 부정행위를 저질렀다.
전국적으로 유령유권자 조작, 4할 사전투표, 입후보 등록의 폭력적 방해, 관권 총동원에 의한 유권자 협박, 야당인사의 살상, 투표권 강탈, 3~5인조 공개투표, 야당참관인 축출, 부정개표 등이 자행되었다. 그 결과 자유당 후보의 득표율이 95~99%에 이르렀으나 하향조정하여 이승만 963만 표(85%), 이기붕 833만 표(73%)로 발표하였다.
그러나 3월 15일 마산에서 부정선거에 항의하는 대규모 시위가 발생, 시위진압 도중 경찰의 실탄발포로 최소한 8명이 사망하고, 72명이 총상을 입는 사건이 발생하였다. 이어 4월 19일 대규모 시위가 전국적으로 확산되었다. 결국 4월 25일 대통령 이승만이 하야성명을 발표함으로써 자유당 정권은 붕괴되었다.
1960년 3월 15일 자유당정권에 의해 대대적인부정행위가 자행되었던 정·부통령선거. 사상유례없는 부정선거로 4·19의 원인이 되었다. 자유당정권은 60년 정·부통령선거를 앞두고 조직확대의 일환으로 1959년 초 대한반공청년단의 발족을 시발로 여러 가지 선거준비작업에 착수하였고, 그해 6월 29일 정·부통령지명전당대회에서 대통령후보에 이승만, 부통령후보에 이기붕을 지명함으로써 본격적인 선거대비태세에 돌입하였다.
그러나 선거결과를 미리 분석한 자유당정권은 정당한 선거를 통해서는 전혀 승산이 없음을 알고, 관권을 동원한 대대적인 부정선거계획을 세웠다.
내무부장관 최인규는 전국 경찰에 대한 대규모 인사이동을 단행하여 일선 경찰서장을 연고지 중심으로 재배치시키고, 이어서 전국 시·읍·면·동 단위로 공무원친목회를 조직하는 등 득표를 위한 활동을 지시하였다.
한편 60년 1월 29일 민주당대통령후보 조병옥은 신병치료차 미국으로 떠나면서 선거의 조기실시에 반대한다는 뜻을 밝혔으나, 자유당정권은 5월 중에 실시하기로 되어 있는 정·부통령선거를 앞당겨 3월 15일에 실시한다고 공고하였다. 그런데 2월 15일 조병옥이 급서함으로써 이승만의 당선이 확실시되자, 선거의 초점은 대통령 유고시에 승계권을 갖은 부통령선거에 집중되었다.
선거전이 본격화되면서 정부·여당의 야당에 대한 선거운동 방해사건이 연일 계속되었으며, 최인규가 하수인이 되어 계획한 대대적인 부정선거의 지침이 각급 기관장에게 극비리에 하달되었다. 지시된 부정선거계획의 내용을 보면, 40％ 사전투표, 3인조 또는 5인조에 의한 반공개투표, 유령유권자의 조작과 기권강요 및 기권자의 대리투표, 내통식 기표소의 설치, 투표함 바꿔치기, 개표 때의 혼표와 환표, 득표수 조작발표 등 가공할 만한 것이었다. 이러한 음모는 한 말단 경찰관이 ＜부정선거지령서＞ 사본을 민주당에 제공함으로써 폭로되었다.
3·15부정선거 결과 이승만·이기붕 후보가 각각 88.7％와 79％의 득표로 정·부통령에 당선되었음이 공고되었으나 대다수 국민들은 선거결과를 인정하지 않았다. 민주당의 선거무효주장에 호응하여 전국적으로 부정선거규탄데모가 벌어짐으로써 4·19로 이어졌다
2.사건의 역사적 의미
3.15 부정선거는 4.19 혁명으로 이어진다.
4.19 혁명은 3.15 선거 당일에 부정선거를 규탄하는 학생과 시민들이 궐기한 마산의거에서 비롯되었다. 이 때 경찰이 시위군중에 발포함으로써 많은 사상자가 발생하였는데, 자유당 정권은 오히려 이 시위의 배후에 공산주의 세력이 개입되어 있다고 발표하여 시민들의 반감을 사게 되었다.
그 뒤 사건의 진상이 밝혀지게 되자, 국민의 분노는 더욱 고조되었고, 드디어 4월 19일에는 서울을 비롯한 대도시에서 학생들의 대규모 시위가 일어났으며, 일반시민들이 가세함으로써 본격화되었다. 이승만 정부는 계엄령을 선포하여 정권을 유지하려 했지만, 반대시위가 연일 계속되자, 마침내 이승만이 하야를 선언하고 대통령 직에서 물러났으며, 동시에 자유당 정권이 붕괴되고 과도정부가 수립되었다.
두 사건의 의의
학생과 시민들이 중심이 되어 독재정권을 무너뜨린 민주혁명으로서 우리 민족의 역량을 전 세계에 보여 주었다. 이를 계기로 우리나라의 민주주의는 새롭게 발전할 수 있게 되었다.
19세기 러시아 문학이 창조한 가장 전형적인 인간상. 정치적인 탄압강화로 뜻을 펴지 못하고 헛되이 살아가는 지식인을 가리킨다. 서유럽적인 교양과 진보적 사상을 가지고, 활동 의욕도 있으나 농노제도에 뒷받침된 전제정치 밑에서는 그것을 살릴 길을 찾지 못하고, 지배층이나 민중으로부터도 고립되어 차츰 권태와 환멸 속에서 불만을 품은 채 강한 자의식(自意識)에 시달리며 살아가는 지식인이 늘어나면서 하나의 유형으로 된 것이다. 이 말은 투르게네프의 《국외자의 일기》(1850)에서 나온 것으로 제목뿐 아니라 작품 속에도 「나는 국외자이다」라고 하는 절규가 들어 있다. 그 밖에도 오가료프 《국외자의 고백》, 게르첸 《국외자와 불평가》 등이 있다.
[네이버 지식백과] 국외자 [局外者] (국어국문학자료사전, 1998., 한국사전연구사)
*The enticing words,
words and cities
The word of Bohemians.
The sea and words
retrospection
the enticing sea
two enticers: a little sea and the word of 'Bohemians'
words and travels
*contents
Preface
I.
1. two tempters
a sea image
a word of Bohemians
2. four years in a sanatorium
II,
1. hosteller
1,
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
2. seven minutes of chaconne
postscript
Moscow and St. Petersburg
Artwork by Julia Nozdracheva
St. Petersburg is well worth a visit at any time of the year.
Especially in the summer when you can ‘гулять’ (walk) all night long,
as although the sun sets, the night never really begins.
Take a weekend off, and enjoy this superb city which is so different from Moscow.
When you go there, it may be useful to know
that there is real competition between St. Petersburg and Moscow,
just as there is between Edinburgh and Glasgow,
or Washington and New York, to name but a few examples
Officially the capital of Russia is Moscow.
However St. Petersburg is often called the Northern Capital.
This isn’t by chance.
These two cities came to prominence at separate times,
and they have been competing with each other for 300 years, beginning in 1703,
when Emperor Peter the Great founded St. Petersburg on the banks of the river Neva.
The reason for the confrontation lies in the fact that
St. Petersburg was originally built to be exactly what is: the opposite of Moscow.
Moscow is the embodiment of the Russian city;
St. Petersburg of the European city.
This is evident in architecture, fashion and even language.
In the 18th century, French was more popular than Russian in the upper classes
in St. Petersburg, and the city became a ‘window to Europe’, just as Peter the Great planned.
 |
Moscow’s history stretches back a lot longer than St. Petersburg’s,
all the way back to 1147.
Moscow grew organically and sporadically;
it was built on the confluence of important trading routes.
The original settlement was a small village.
To this day, citizens of St. Petersburg still tease Moscow citizens,
calling Moscow a ‘big village’, which in many respects it is.
St. Petersburg was a capital from birth,
something that Muscovites resent;
they suddenly became provincials when Peter the Great moved the capital there in 1712.
However St. Petersburg managed to prove its superiority in some things. The newest trends in fashion, architecture, drawing, music and literature appeared in the northern capital first,
and only reached Moscow some time later.
Even when the capital was moved back from Leningrad, as St. Petersburg was known then,
to Moscow after the Bolsheviks came to power, in 1918,
the city was still considered the cultural capital of Russia.
Many Muscovites will debate this. Take rock music.
In the 1980s St. Petersburg spawned many leading rock groups. Aquarium, Kino were from St. Petersburg, whereas Mashina Vremeni and Zvuki Mu were from Moscow. Whether Moscow or St. Petersburg music was better or worse, was a heated topic for most young people.
Moscow is faster, more hectic and business-like. In the 18- 19th centuries, however, St. Petersburg was also very bustling as a capital city should be. Much dancing and many sumptuous dinner parties took place. The city was full of merchants, the streets of the city were full of shops, cabs and people. Today St. Petersburg lives calmly and measuredly. In Moscow, for example, people run down the elevator; in Petersburg people ride on it. Muscovites seem brusque and impolite to citizens of St. Petersburg. If you ask somebody the way in St. Petersburg, locals may not only give you directions, they may take you for a mini-excursion around the city. People in Moscow aren’t often able to do that, many are often visitors like you.
In Petersburg one doesn’t need to hurry. The city is much smaller than Moscow. There a person wants to walk, not run, although Muscovites don’t walk, they take cabs or the Metro during the long winter. Muscovites accuse St. Petersburg of being depressing, because the pace of life is too slow. This is partly because of the climate. St. Petersburg lies much further north and the city is very wet and windy. Muscovites often catch cold after visiting St. Petersburg. The sun rarely warms the citizens of Petersburg, because of high humidity.
Moscow is sunnier, and that’s why it seems smarter, than Petersburg. But there is an eclecticism that is peculiar to Moscow. An antique building and a glass skyscraper can be neighbours in Moscow, but not in St. Petersburg. That’s why citizens of St. Petersburg say that the Muscovites don’t have a sense of style, whilst Muscovites accuse St. Petersburg as being boring.
St. Petersburg was built according to a well thought-out plan. City regulations even today forbid he erection of buildings over 4 - 5 stories in the city centre. New buildings have to work, architecturally, with old buildings.
 |
On a linguistic level, people speak differently. For example, white loaves of bread in St. Petersburg are called ‘bulka’, and the Muscovites: ‘belyi khleb’ (white bread). A pavement is called by the former ‘porebrik’, the latter ‘bordyur’. The list of differences continues: in St. Petersburg the entrance in a block of flats is a ‘paradnaya’, in Moscow a ‘pod’ezd’; a doughnut is a ‘pyshka’ in St. Petersburg and a ‘ponshik’ in Moscow. If you visit other Russian cities you will notice that people there use Moscow language and perceive words used in St. Petersburg as being out-of-date.
The reason why St. Petersburg language is so exotic can be traced in the way it was formed. Some of the population of Petersburg was originally formed by new arrivals, Germans and Dutchmen. It was difficult for them to study Russian, because local people spoke a lot of different Russian dialects. For newcomers it was extremely important to speak Russian as quickly as possible so as progress up the institutionalised career structures. So these foreigners turned to any kinds of documents in Russian that represented the most universal source of Russian language. They were documents full of formal phrases.
Nowadays there is an opinion that the difference between Moscow and St. Petersburg has become a myth or a legend, as new high-speed trains services draw the cities closer and closer together. But there are major differences in the people themselves. Moscow is a very cosmopolitan city today. Who is a Muscovite? Nobody really knows. The majority of St. Petersburg citizens are drawn from Russian stock, but from northern Russian stock, and consequently they look and behave more like people from Finland or Scandinavia. St. Petersburg i.s nearer to Western Europe in more senses than one.
Siberia
2.
As a result of the Great Northern War of 1700–21, the valley of Neva River became part of Russian Empire. on 16 May 1703, the city of St. Petersburg was founded in the mouth of Neva and became capital of Russia in 1712.[25] Neva became the central part of the city. It was cleaned, intersected with canals and enclosed with embankments. In 1715, construction began of the first wooden embankment between the Admiralty building and the Summer Garden. In the early 1760s works started to cover it in granite and to build bridges across Neva and its canals and tributaries, such as the Hermitage Bridge.[5]
From 1727 to 1916, the temporary Isaakievsky pontoon bridge was early constructed between the modern Saint Isaac's Square and Vasilievsky Island. A similar, but much longer Trinity pontoon bridge, which spanned 500 metres (1,600 ft), was brought from the Summer Garden to Petrogradsky Island. The first permanent bridge across Neva, Blagoveshchensky Bridge, was opened in 1850, and the second, Liteyny Bridge, came into operation in 1879.[5]
In 1858, a "Joint-stock company St. Petersburg water supply" was established, which built the first water supply network in the city. A two-stage water purification station was constructed in 1911. The development of the sewerage system began only in 1920, after the October Revolution, and by 1941, the sewerage network was 1,130 kilometres (700 mi) long.[5]
Every winter from 1895 to 1910, electric tramways were laid on the ice of the river, connecting the Senate Square, Vasilievsky island, Palace Embankment and other parts of the city. The power was supplied through the rails and a top cable supported by wooden piles frozen into the ice. The service was highly successful and ran without major accidents except for a few failures in the top electrical wires. The trams ran at the speed of 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph) and could carry 20 passengers per carriage. The carriages were converted from the used horsecars. About 900,000 passengers were transported over a regular season between 20 January and 21 March. The sparking of contacts at the top wires amused spectators in the night.[30][31][32][33]
What I can write about Nevsky Avenue?!
First some general information, of course.
Nevsky Avenue (Russian: Не́вский проспе́кт) is the main street of St. Petersburg. Today is 4.5 kilometers long and 25-60 meters wide. It was original idea by the French architect Alexandre Jean Baptiste Le Blond, he was works for Peter the Great. Originally this street was named the Great Perspective Road until 1738 and was cut through almost 4.5 km of forest. It is planning to be main road to Novgorod and Moscow. For many years it was roamed by wolves. During the early Soviet years (1918 - 44) it was officially known as the Avenue of the 25th of October, alluding to the day of the October Revolution, but this name was never accepted by the local inhabitants.
It is a street with many touristic attraction, shops and night clubs. This avenue starts from the historic Admiralty in the north to the Vosstaniya Square and the Alexander Nevsky Monastery.
The main sights on Avenue include the Rastrelliesque Stroganov Palace, the big neoclassical Kazan Cathedral, the Art Nouveau Bookhouse (Dom Knigi), Elisseeff Emporium, many various 18th-century churches, a monument to Catherine the Great, an enormous 18th-century shopping mall - Gostny dvor, the Russian National Library, and the Anichkov Bridge with its horse statues. The part between the Square of Insurrection and the Alexander Nevsky Square is traditionally called Old Nevsky. All major shops, restaurants, nightclubs, casinos and other entertainment spots are located along the way. This street and his charm was inspiration for many artists who live here, like Pushkin, Gogol, Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Nijinsky and Dostoevsky. The life of the avenue was described by Nikolai Gogol in his story "Nevsky Prospekt". Famous Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky often employed the Nevksy Prospekt as a setting within his works, such as Crime and Punishment and The Double: A Petersburg Poem.
When you tired about all that walking, seeing and taking the photos, you can relax on many benches on this street. My favorite place for relax is in front of Gostiny dvor (the oldest mall in country). Around street lamps were placed circular bench - enjoy relaxing there. Along the streets and decorative shrubs that bring a bit of nature in the concrete of the modern city. Nice detail to me and lamps with an antique look decorated with colorful flowers.
If you don't like to much walking there is a bus station. The street is served by the stations Nevsky Prospekt, Gostiny Dvor, Mayakovskaya, Ploshchad Vosstaniya and Ploshchad Alexandra Nevskogo I of Saint Petersburg Metro.
cold dark winters. Despite it’s relatively short 300 year history, Saint Petersburg is a place of significant historical importance. Saint Petersburg was the capital of the Russian empire for more than 200 years. It is a city that captures the imagination with its European design and feel, but in so many mays Saint Petersburg is still a city that is distinctly Russian. Around 4.5 million people live in Saint Petersburg.
The combined imperial beauty and history of the city make it an important stop on the itinerary of anyone travelling through Russia. The beautiful imperial age buildings of the Winter Palace house the world’s largest and possibly grandest museum in the world “The Hermitage”. Beautiful cathedrals and buildings adorn the sides of St Petersburg’s many canals, and huge draw bridges cross the Neva river as it nears its mouth at the Baltic sea.
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